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毕业论文网 > 外文翻译 > 设计学类 > 数字媒体艺术 > 正文

对人体变形和操纵现实的展示在特效化妆使用方面的分析外文翻译资料

 2022-11-27 02:11  

Invasion of the Body Morphers:

Analyzing the Use of Special Effects Makeup in the Representation of Human Metamorphoses and Manipulated Reality

A Thesis Presented by

Amanda Mae Bates

Special Effects Makeup from the 1950s to an American Werewolf

Directly spawning from the 1920s and 30s prototypes, the American horror movie scene of the 1950s exploded into mass culture and provided an interesting decade for study. According to author, Mark Jancovich, who has analyzed and published works specifically on the 50s horror scene, “while most studies of horror ignore any detailed analysis of the 1950s in favor of other, more legitimate periods ... 1950s horror is central as a way of legitimizing these other periods.” While Janovichrsquo;s approach to archetyping horror film according to societal constructs is an incredibly useful and interesting read which provides, like he has set forth, a way of legitimizing past and future offspring of the genre, I would add to this discussion the aspect of the cinematic remake. Remaking films rose in popularity specifically during this decade and it seems clear that with the advent of new technical effects, directors and artists alike would revel in the daunting task of taking the roots of horror and reinventing them using modern advancements.

Because of the surplus of new developments discovered in the industry during the early years of the decade, including the production of latex prosthetics, several directors took on the task of remaking classic horror films in light of makeuprsquo;s progress. The archetypes of monsters were being reborn, using modern technology, to re-present them in a mold more suited to the contemporary viewers and their rising expectations. No longer did the elementary modes by which makeup artists had been working for nearly three decades satisfy the audiencersquo;s changing needs. By the end of the 1950s, color television sets were found in nearly all livings-rooms of working-class families across America. No longer did spectators need to leave their homes in order to view a motion picture, nor did they need to pay a ticket-price to enter. Hollywood rose to this new challenge, in tandem with societyrsquo;s move into modernity, and brought with it a modern set of monsters in the remakes of Horror of Dracula (1958) and The Mummy (1959), and a sequel to Frankenstein, that would later become a series of movies, titled, The Curse of Frankenstein (1958), drawing a new generation of viewers to the big screen.

Although earlier horror makeup was done laboriously with old-time materials, these later re-creations employed latex pieces that were far easier on the performer and could be pre-prepared for use. For example, The Mummy (original) makeup had a complicated cloth wrapping on the body covered with a glue and dusted with Fullerrsquo;s Earth (a non plastic clay) to simulate a decaying body, while the same effect was later created with a grayed latex base paint covering a pre-made costume.31 The newer release of Dracula employed the recently developed invention of colored contacts to differentiate the vampire in his separate states from human to vampiric. This practice is leaps and bounds ahead of the crude, yet admittedly creative use by Cecil Holland who created the makeup for a blind man in The Love Light of 1921. He did so by removing the white skin adhering to the inside of the shell of a hard boiled egg and cut it to form two disks, each three- quarters of an inch, in diameter. He placed them on the actor, Raymond Bloomerrsquo;s, eyes, giving them the appearance of having turned white from disease.32 In addition to the ocular differences, the more contemporaneous of the two films used fake blood at the cornerrsquo;s of the vampirersquo;s mouth to further illustrate his lust for his human beverage. Nearly, if not, all of the horror films of the 1930s lack the visualization of blood due to the conservative audiences they entertained at the time. This was a sharp contrast to the employment of corn syrup for many feature films of the 50s.

The Curse of Frankenstein, sadly, received much critical scrutiny in the year it was released, as noted by Dilys Powell of the Sunday Times who regretted thefilm left her “unable to defend the cinema against the charge that it debases.”33 The new version of Frankenstein was clearly devoid of the sympathetic characteristics that had evoked the emotional response of the viewers several decades earlier as conceived by Jack Pierce. The 1958 adaptation of the monster had a wider ranging use of prosthetics and facial enhancements, employing latex and skin-friendly adhesives, resulting in greater face mutation. In the same vein, Dracula, directed by the same production crew, Hammer Film Productions, used the nuance of colored contacts to create the look of improperly functioning sight. Because of the aesthetic choices made in both motion pictures, it would prove unsatisfactory to argue that the directors had the same personas in mind when creating their monsters. The physical appearances of the monsters varied so greatly that it did, in fact, affect the viewerrsquo;s final judgment.

The Frankenstein monster of the newer film evoked a sense of superficial,

irrational fear with its gruesome use of overt deformity and prosthetic teeth, whereas the earlier production (surrounded by much higher acclaim) gave the monster an implication of visual humanism. This aesthetic impact was achieved by using an overemphasized sloping brow and half-mast eyes, optically reminiscent of inward regression and internal contemplation to which the audience could empathetically relate and which was described by Jensen as, “strangely sad.”34 This earlier inclusion of relatability between the monster and spectator gave the film a successful combination of a conceived reality juxtaposed to the appraisal of human life in the setting of fictitious rationalizati

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身体变形器的入侵:

对人体变形和操纵现实的展示在特效化妆使用方面的分析

作者:Amanda Mae Bates

从50年代到美国狼人的特效化妆:

20世纪50年代的美国恐怖电影场景从20世纪20年代和30年代的原型直接大量生产而成,迅速成为炙手可热的大众文化,并提供了一个有趣的十年学习与研究。根据作者Mark Jancovich,他分析并且发表了关于具体年代的恐怖场景的作品,他曾阐述到:“虽然大多数恐怖电影的研究忽略了任何详细的分析,除了在20世纪50年代这个合法的时期是赞成的hellip;1950年代作为恐怖电影的中心,是一种合法的时期。”而Janovich根据社会的构建,提供了恐怖片一个非常有用的和有趣的阅读方法,就像他提出的合法化方式,过去和未来的风格,我会加电影翻拍方面的讨论。在这十年里,电影的复兴尤其受欢迎,这似乎很明显,随着新的技术效应的到来,导演和艺术家们陶醉于恐怖元素的根源,并利用现代的进步来重塑他们。

由于恐怖电影行业在过去十年中发现了新发展产业的过剩,包括生产乳胶假肢,根据特效化妆技术的不断进步,一些导演承担了重塑经典恐怖电影的任务。原型怪物正在重生,利用现代技术,重新呈现他们时,在模具上更适合当代观众,并且和他们不断上升的期望相满足。为了满足观众不断变化的需求,化妆艺术家不再从最基础的方式入手,并且工作了将近三年为了达到这一要求。到20世纪50年代末,美国各地的工薪阶层家庭几乎所有的客厅都配有彩色电视机。观众不再需要离开自己的家园去看电影,也不需要支付门票价格进入电影院。好莱坞上升到这个新的挑战,为了适应社会进入现代性的串联,好莱坞带来了重拍怪物的现代恐怖电视集:Dracula(德古拉)(1958)和Mummy(木乃伊)(1959),和后来成为一个系列电影的Frankenstein(科学怪人)的续集,名为The Curse of Frankenstein(弗兰肯斯坦的诅咒)(1958),为新一代观众绘制了崭新的大屏幕。

虽然早期的恐怖化妆用旧时代的材料做得异常艰辛,后来重新创作后都采用乳胶片,更容易对表演者进行预先准备使用。例如原创电影Mummy(木乃伊)的特效化妆:用一个复杂的布包裹身体,并覆盖上胶和漂白土(非塑性粘土)来模拟一个腐烂的尸体。得到同样的效果后,再用一个灰色的乳胶漆覆盖在一个先前制作好的服装上。新版本的德古拉伯爵则采用有色隐形眼镜,这是最近的新发明,也是用来区分吸血鬼和人类的不同的一种方法。这种做法是突飞猛进的,但无可否认的是,是创造性的使用了Cecil Holland在1921年The Love Light中给盲人化妆的方法。他这样做是通过附着在一个煮熟的鸡蛋壳的内部来去除白色皮肤,并削减它形成两个圆片,直径为三四分之一英寸。他把他们的演员Raymond Bloomer的眼睛外形做了白病化的特效化妆处理。除了眼镜的差异,较同期的版本来比,两片用假血化妆而成的吸血鬼嘴角是为了进一步显示他把人类的血液当做一种饮料的无限欲望。由此可见,20世纪30年代所有恐怖电影中缺乏血液可视化的原因是因为缺少娱乐性,还有观众相对保守。这与50年代许多电影的玉米糖浆制成的假血使用形成了鲜明的对比。

The Curse of Frankenstein(弗兰肯斯坦的诅咒),可悲的是,在那一年上映后,收到了许多负面的评论,由星期日泰晤士报记者Dilys Powell曾说:“无法保护电影院的电影质量,要求一直在下降。”科学怪人的新版本显然使得观众缺乏几十年前Jack Pierce所说的情绪反应,以及交感神经的特点。1958年怪物的特效化妆技术更广泛的使用了假肢来增强面部,并且大量采用乳胶和皮肤粘合剂,导致了更大的面部突变。同样的,德古拉伯爵,由同一摄制组和导演制作,只使用了细微差别的彩色接触,创造了外观功能不正常的视线。相较于这两部电影的审美选择,这也就证明了导演们在创造不同怪物时头脑中如果有相同的角色,这结果一定不会是令人满意的。怪物的身体形态变化如此之大,事实上,它确实会影响观众的最终判断。

这部新电影引起了一种肤浅的观影体验,非理性的恐惧与恐怖元素的使用只是源于明显的怪物畸形和修复的牙齿,而早期对怪物的视觉感受则更有人文主义的含义。这种审美的影响在于:通过使用一个过份强调倾斜额头和眼睛的半吊子视觉效果,让人想起内心回归和内部沉思,观众则可以身临其境地与之联系,Jensen说这是一种“奇怪的是悲伤。”这种早期混合体的怪物和观众之间的相关性给电影启发出了一个成功的成功例子:人类生活在虚拟化的环境下,两部电影的首要任务便是紧密地坚持Klug所谓的电影与电影观众之间的关系标准。

虽然这些三次重拍的电影几乎是上世纪50年代恐怖片的整体,在刚刚公布的美国五十部电影中,他们也清楚地说明一些:将不得不提供原电影的区别和细微差别。在修复和皮肤进步粘合剂添加剂充斥的电影市场,薄膜能够直观地表示一个更可怕,更可笑的一种怪物,或好或坏的。畸形和突变成为该流派的基调,创造了观众的欲望,特别感兴趣的情节几乎能得到相同的利益。在50年代的恐怖电影预告片中,突出大胆的化妆技术捕捉了观众的兴趣角度,展示了演员在他们表演高峰的视觉体验,照明经常强调脸部变形怪物、大胆的轮廓吸引了观众。因此,它将不断地改造社会的恐惧,将其转化为可穿戴假肢,这也是特效化妆师化妆师在一部恐怖电影中的唯一目的。

十年过后,20世纪20年代的原型怪物继续被重拍了,重现了另一种现代面貌的电影。当代电影继续使用像德古拉伯爵一样的人物,还有例如狼人、和其续集和原来的故事线分支的木乃伊等经典怪物形象。例如导演Terence Fisher,在他十年工作生涯中重塑了无数经典的怪物模型。然而,到了60年代,与之前进行的恐怖电影一样,经典的怪物原型再一次被重塑,以至于第一次出现了Zombie (僵尸)这个被后人无数沿用的经典怪物原型。Night of the Living Dead(活死人之夜),1968由George Romero导演的美国电影, 释放了一个能让观众从角色身体缺陷的转变而产生关联排斥的观影激情的一种崭新的恐怖电影流派:不死族。

荣格学者James Iaccino将恐怖片的原型分类进行精细的整理,从而将类型划分为具体的心理方面,包括对僵尸动作的考察。将近一个世纪的恐怖片分解为确定的类别和子类别,他将集体无意识的荣格原则(整个人类的普通心理底层)应用于不断增长的恐怖电影市场。电影Night of the Living Dead(活死人之夜)在“非理性/复仇阴影”的原型中发挥了特别重要的作用。

George Romero的肉食僵尸是一个很好的例子,这些非理性的非人类(或阴影)神秘的无处可寻。虽然Romero已经为他三个“活死人”电影每一个都准备了一个很好的社会评论,但他的作品背后的驱动力是僵尸本身的古怪行为,而且经常有出乎意料的外观...不合理的僵尸行为不能在逻辑上解释... Romero以非理性为手段,向观众展现黑暗阴影真正存在的东西。真正可怕的是,反对另一个层面,反对这种现实的理性和科学分析。

德古拉是一个虚构的吸血鬼物种,Frankenstein的怪物完全之前制作的部分制成,狼人变成了一个犬杂种,僵尸则提供了一种明显新颖的吸引力,在其能力转变,但仍然完全让人联想到的人类起源。本质上,僵尸只不过是一种具有剩余认知功能的半人类的科学奇特性生物,尽管它的身体停止了再生后的死亡,但是有限。然而,僵尸确实遵循达尔文生存原则,仅仅用于寻求食人族以获取营养。观众的排斥力,相反地,恰恰来自于理解,身体的光学分解在本质上是真实的。根据以前的假设,为了让观众从电影中获得认知乐趣,他们必须暂时停止现实,以便将自己置于虚构的替代品中,似乎似乎有可能,电影有能力生产一个完全人类的怪物,创造一个原始的对自我的恐惧,将成功地试图模仿生活足够紧密地暂停两种现实的界限。虽然走路的死亡人物是科学上不可能的,但是怪物不再是无法识别的,而是我们自己的突变,与实际的分解过程。

Iaccino通过自己的工作对我们自己的现实中的非理性和物理不可能性的吸引力来符合僵尸范式做出了解释,因此符合Noel Carroll和Mary Douglas,他们都写了关于电影吸引力,并且断言:“听众对于未知的网络,对于通过发现,解释,证明,假设,确认等过程而知道的未知知识来说,是非常好奇的。”Carroll继续说道。解释他与道格拉斯的协议,认为“可怕的生物是可预测的厌恶的对象是他们违反我们的分类方案的方式的功能”。虽然我发现这些理论对于讨论怪物是相关的和至关重要的作为心理吸引的模板,我想在这个话语中增加美学的功能,以便考虑到观众对他的物理分解和突变的视觉所表示出得迷恋。

专注于人体机能和病态美,根本就不在我们自己的世纪,因为它的起源不可能连结到一个坚实的起点,在整个历史上留下了艺术家的印象。单独的中世纪印刷品散落着酷刑和有形变异的主题,无数的艺术家努力探索人类内脏以及出生缺陷和疾病的物理结果。随着文艺复兴时期的生活,追求科学激励的艺术家,如达芬奇,通过尸体,记录精确的艺术细节,成就了他的视觉发现。艺术的这种趋势不会像十九世纪的现实主义运动一样扎根于Thomas Eakins在1875年的 The Gross Clinic(总诊所)这样的绘画,说明了人类通过其生物功能范围进行自我学习的必要性。因此,电影业也采取同样的动力,以前形式的视觉艺术已经开辟了渠道。因此,人类在生活的各个阶段学习自己的先天渴望,证明了分析的一个重要方面检查从僵尸电影衍生的快乐原则。电影像Night of the Living Dead (活死人之夜)及其两个续集与死亡与生命的概念相互作用,从而可以通过虚构的故事情节来满足我们对未知和不可预知的需求,同时让我们能够观看到我们的原始性质。

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