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毕业论文网 > 外文翻译 > 设计学类 > 风景园林 > 正文

城市空间与文化的运用外文翻译资料

 2022-08-06 10:08  

附原文:

URBAN SPACE AND THE USES OF CULTURE

Lisanne Gibson and Deborah Stevenson

This special issue of the International Journal of Cultural Policy contributes to the discussion about the increasingly high-profile nature of cultural programs in inner-city urban regeneration initiatives. Whether these initiatives come under the rubrics of “creative industries”, “cultural planning” or “cultural development”, they have at their core a nexus between urban planning and cultural programming. The logic of this nexus is to ensure urban development facilitates the possibilities for community and citizenly social democratic participation; culture is thought to be an ideal tool for ensuring both diverse community representation and participation. However, to what extent are the cultural components of such urban regeneration schemes window dressing for middle-class cultural consumption, or are there real social and cultural benefits for those publics (and practitioners) who, although being priced out of many of the leisure, cultural and residential facilities provided, nevertheless flock to its spaces?

A selection of American, Australian, British and Canadian newspaper articles clipped over the last two years demonstrate the general acceptance of the “just add local culture and stir” school of thought. “Cool cities may defy planning: Leaders believe new image could boost state economy” (Singer 2003, p. 1) – for the Governor of Michigan, cafes, hip clubs, street vendors and loft homes are the winning formula for the attraction of the “creative class”. “Mid-sized cities get hip to attract young professionals” (Nasser 2003, p. 1) reports that in Cincinnati “young professionals hellip; want to be part of the citys makeover” and first to go will be the pig sculptures in the citys downtown “which recall Cincinnatis golden era as a pork-processing center”. “Can the arts cash in on cities‟ creativity buzz?”(Taylor 2003, p. 1)“the Canadian arts community has caught a whiff of the urban-renewal agenda and is hot on the scent”. “Regeneration sexy? It is now” (Weaver 2001, p. 1) documents “concerns that an urban renaissance will lead to a form of social cleansing in British cities, of the kind that has occurred in New York under hellip; Republican mayor Rudolph Giuliani”. “Can culture save us?‟ (Becket 2003, p. 1) discusses the massive investment in cultural regeneration in Newcastle and Gateshead in the North East of England. In “Not just a place to live, but a place to work” (Macken 2002, p. 22) it was lifestyle, “not the exchange rate” that “brought one entrepreneur to Sydney”. We could go on, our newspaper clipping folders are overflowing with articles espousing the miracle of culturally led regeneration or development for cities large and small or for specific places within cities, including former (often waterfront) industrial sites or declining city centres.

Over the last twenty years, one of the central developments in the local governance of urban spaces and populations is the general acceptance of the notion that provision of access to, and consumption of, “cultural” resources is a central plank in successful urban development strategies. Indeed, as the above newspaper article titles demonstrate, cultural policies and programs increasingly are being seen as the antidotes to an ever-broadening range of social, economic and political problems.

Most recently, “cultural planning” has been hailed as essential to the formation of an economically successful city, especially one that expects to be competitive in a global network of “creative cities” (Landry 2000; Florida 2002).

In the United States, there has for some time been a critical engagement with cultural programs that are designed to be part of urban planning schemas that attempt to

interact “holistically” with the everyday living needs of local communities (Zukin 1995; Deutsche 1998). In Australia and Britain, the critical discussion is only just beginning (Evans 2001; Stevenson 2003). As (predominantly British) consultants develop ever larger international consultancies marketing the “Temple Bar Effect” or the “Glasgow Model” to cities as diverse as Durham in Britain, Adelaide in Australia and Johannesburg in South Africa, the “revealed” truth of these models, and their almost unquestioning replication, is of concern. What is of most concern is the lack of rigorous research done on the cultural, economic, political and social short- and long- term effects of “cultural planning”. What evidence is there, other than certain

consultants “say so”, that the massive public expenditure required for these redevelopment and re-imaging strategies actually produces outcomes that are in the public interest? Certainly Temple Bar is no longer the location of local micro-cultural businesses as it was before it was “culturally planned”, ostensibly to benefit the local cultural industries. Its primary audience now is the international backpackers who go there for the overpriced beer and the “authentic” Irish food. Despite the mythological status of Glasgow as “proof” that cultural planning can cure all ills, there has to date been no research to investigate the cultural, economic, political and social effects of Glasgows reconstruction of itself in the late 1980s and early 1990s a

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中文译文:

城市空间与文化的运用

Lisanne Gibson and Deborah Stevenson

《国际文化政策杂志》的这期特刊有助于讨论在城市内部更新中日益引人注目的文化项目计划。无论这些计划属于“创意产业”、“文化规划”还是“文化发展”的范畴,它们的核心都是城市规划与文化规划之间的联系。这种联系的逻辑确保了城市发展促进社区和公民社会民主参与的可能性;文化被认为是确保社区代表性和参与多样性的理想工具。然而,这些城市复兴计划的文化组成部分,在多大程度上只是中产阶级文化消费的橱窗装潢,又在多大程度上是对公众(和从业人员)有着真正的社会和文化效益的,又为何尽管许多提供休闲、文化和住宅的设施定价过高,人们仍蜂拥而至?

在过去两年中美国、澳大利亚、英国和加拿大报纸的文章选集表现出对“只需加入本地文化搅拌混合”思想的普遍接受。“酷的城市可能无视规划:领导人相信新的形象可以促进州经济”(Singer 2003,第1页)——对密歇根州州长来说,咖啡馆、嘻哈俱乐部、街头小贩和阁楼住宅是吸引“创意阶层”的制胜方式。“中等城市通过时尚来吸引年轻的专业人士”(Nasser 2003,第1页)报道说,在辛辛那提,“年轻的专业人士hellip;hellip;希望成为城市改造的一部分”,首先要去的是市中心的猪雕塑,“这让人回想起辛辛那提作为猪肉加工中心的黄金时期”。 “艺术能从城市的创意热潮中获利吗?”(Taylor 2003,第1页)“加拿大艺术界已经闻到了城市复兴议程的气息,并且很受欢迎。”。“重生性感?就在现在”(Weaver 2001,第1页)的文件“担心城市复兴会导致英国城市的一种形式的社会清洗,就像在纽约共和党市长鲁道夫·朱利安尼(Rudolph Giuliani)领导下发生的那样”。 “文化能拯救我们吗?(贝克特2003年,第1页)讨论了英国东北部纽卡斯尔和盖特谢德地区对文化复兴的大规模投资。在《不仅仅是一个居住的地方,而是一个工作的地方》(Macken 2002,第22页)中,是生活方式“而不是汇率”把一个企业家带到了悉尼。我们可以继续下去,我们的剪报文件夹里充斥着各种文章,这些文章都在宣扬文化引导下的城市大、小或城市内部特定地方的复兴或发展奇迹,包括以前(通常是滨水)的工业遗址或衰落的城市中心。

在过去的二十年里,城市空间和人口地方治理的中心发展之一是普遍接受这样一种观念,即提供和消费“文化”资源是成功的城市发展战略的中心内容。事实上,正如上述报纸文章标题所表明的那样,文化方面的政策和方案正逐渐被视为解决日益广泛的社会、经济和政治问题的解药。最近,“文化规划”被誉为形成一个经济上成功的城市的关键,特别是一个期望在“创意城市”的全球网络中具有竞争力的城市(Landry 2000;Florida 2002)。

在美国,一段时间以来,在美国,一段时间以来,文化项目一直是城市规划的一部分,试图与当地社区的日常生活需求“整体”互动(Zukin1995;Deutsche 1998)。而在澳大利亚和英国,批评性的讨论则逐渐开始(Evans2001;Stevenson 2003)。随着(主要是英国)咨询公司,发展越来越大的国际咨询公司,将“寺庙酒吧效应”或“格拉斯哥模式”推广到英国的达勒姆、澳大利亚的阿德莱德和南非的约翰内斯堡等城市,这些模式“揭示”出的真相,以及这些城市对其几乎毫无疑问的复制,令人担忧。最令人担忧的是缺乏对“文化规划”的文化、经济、政治和社会短期和长期影响的严格研究。除了某些顾问“这么说”之外,还有什么证据表明,这些重建和重新规划战略所需的巨额公共支出实际上产生了符合公共利益的结果?寺庙酒吧不再像它被“文化规划”之前那样是当地微型文化企业的所在地。虽然表面上是为了当地文化产业的利益,但它现在的主要受众是去那里买高价啤酒和“正宗”爱尔兰食物的国际背包客。尽管格拉斯哥的神话地位是文化规划可以治愈所有疾病的“证据”,但迄今为止还没有研究调查格拉斯哥在20世纪80年代末和90年代初重建为“创意城市”的文化、经济、政治和社会影响。有证据表明,这一巨额公共支出带来的好处仅限于国际游客和格拉斯哥的社会经济特权社区。

本期特刊旨在对文化规划的相对优点和问题进行批判性评估和讨论。本期的文章从几个方向探讨了城市规划和文化规划的关系,并使用了一些国际背景下的案例研究。这些文章中有许多指出了政策言辞和实际结果的区别;其中大多数指出了文化规划没有达到其文化、经济、社会或政治基准的方式。在这个意义上,我们希望这个问题是对重新思考城市规划和文化规划之间关系的积极贡献。只有通过对支撑这种联系的假设进行密切和严格的询问,无论其表述如何,我们才能制定可实现的文化政策建议,从而能够处理城市规划和发展中涉及的复杂的文化、经济、社会和政治因素。这与“公民支持主义”大相径庭,后者迄今已成为文化规划讨论的主题。

地方政府的文化规划意图是达伦·贝利斯的文章主题,这篇文章调查了丹麦地方政府当局的文化规划和文化发展政策。贝利斯讨论了从他对丹麦城市地方当局的广泛调查中得出的数据,认为丹麦地方当局文化计划的主要焦点是社会目标而不是经济目标。他认为,要使这些策略成为有效的社会策略,还需要进一步完善。克里斯·吉布森(Chris Gibson)和谢恩·霍曼(Shane Homan)讨论了悉尼的一个地方议会项目,该项目旨在回应对现场音乐缺乏空间的批评,展示了地方政府通过在中产阶级化的文化影响和城市发展之间进行调解来实现社会目标的潜力。

悉尼市内郊区的现场音乐场地已经减少,那些保留下来的场地由于住宅高级化而受到严格的噪音法规的限制。吉布森和霍曼通过这一案例研究以及他们对现场音乐场所监管政策的广泛讨论,展示了在特定的地方背景下促进文化活动的一些复杂性。

本·戈德史密斯和汤姆·奥勒根在讨论澳大利亚悉尼和墨尔本以及加拿大多伦多的市内综合工作室时,分析了国际文化市场和当地文化规划之间的特殊关系。特别是他们参与工作室开发在国际“创意城市”的建设和营销中的作用,以及他们对当地社区和创意产业市场的影响。同样,文化规划在重大事件中与城市发展的关系,如1990年格拉斯哥作为欧洲“文化之城”年、2000年悉尼奥运会和2004年西班牙巴塞罗那世界文化论坛,也是比阿特丽斯·加西亚文章的重点。加西亚特别指出,与重大活动相关的艺术项目相对较低的地位不利于它们所宣称的让当地社区参与进来的社会目标。

最近,成功的“文化引导的再生”的一个最常被引用的例子是英格兰东北部盖茨黑德和新卡斯特鲁邦的“码头区”的再开发。克里斯托弗·贝利、史蒂文·迈尔斯和彼得·史塔克追踪了这个以经济和人口大幅下降为标志的地区对“文化再生”的巨大承诺的发展。他们通过对纽卡斯尔/盖茨黑德码头区发展的文化、经济和社会影响的10年纵向研究项目所产生的早期数据进行了报道,他们认为“成功的文化再生根本不是一种欺骗效应,而是通过其维护或重申地方特征的潜力,代表了对更广泛的文化全球化进程的制衡”。

丹尼斯·梅雷迪思、斯科特·尤因和朱利安·托马斯评估了文化项目通过其促进社区参与和社会凝聚力的能力影响当地身份的可能性。他们对澳大利亚墨尔本“有线社区”倡议的研究发现,该计划的教育成果可能比其建设社区的能力更重要

在这个问题的结论中,黛博拉·史蒂文森提供了一个对文化规划的一些期望的彻底的批评,因为它已经在澳大利亚和英国被实践。她的分析揭示了文化规划话语的发展与“新”工党的政治、人事和制度之间的密切关系。她认为,由于这些关系,文化规划所采用的公民身份的构建是根据经济参与能力来定义的。因此,文化规划是“实现社会包容的工具,这一目标主要是根据经济积累来设想的”。如果文化规划是以这种方式构建的,史蒂文森质疑它对社会公正结果的效用。

本期专题讨论的各种方案、政策和战略强调了文化规划和城市规划在发展“创意城市”、“创意产业”、“文化再生”或吸引“创意阶层”方面的交叉重要性。正如这个问题所表明的那样,这类项目的文化、经济、社会和政治影响的复杂性和它们的应用一样多。这显然不是一个简单的“增加文化和搅拌”的问题。我们希望这一问题有助于就文化在城市空间中的应用的潜力和复杂性展开深入而深入的讨论。

参考

BECKET, A. (2003) lsquo;Can culture save us?rsquo; The Guardian, 2 June.

DEUTSCHE, R. (1998) Evictions: Art and Spatial Politics, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

EVANS, G. (2001) Culture Planning: An Urban Renaissance? Routledge, London.

FLORIDA, R. (2002) The Rise of the Creative Class and How Its Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life, Basic Books, New York.

LANDRY, C. (2000) The Creative City: A Toolkit for Urban Innovators, Earthscan, London.

MACKEN, D. (2002) lsquo;Not just a place to live, but a place to workrsquo;, Weekend Australian Financial Review, 24–25 August.

NASSER, H. (2003) lsquo;Mid-sized cities get hip to attract young professionalsrsquo;, USA Today, 16 October.

SINGER, C. (2003) lsquo;“Cool” cities may defy planning: Leaders believe new image could boost state economyrsquo;, Detroit News, 9 October.

STEVENSON, D. (2003) Cities and Urban Cultures, Open University Press, Philadelphia, PA/Maidenhead.

TAYLOR, K. (2003) lsquo;Can the arts cash in on citiesrsquo; creativity buzz?rsquo; Globe and Mail, 22 October.

WEAVER, M. (2001) lsquo;Regeneration sexy? It is nowrsquo;, The Guardian, 30 March. ZUKIN, S. (1995) The Cultures of Cities, Blackwell, Oxford.

附原文:

URBAN SPACE AND THE USES OF CULTURE

Lisanne Gibson and Deborah Stevenson

This special issue of the International Journal of Cultural Policy contributes to the discussion about the increasingly high-profile nature of cultural programs in inner-city urban regeneration initiatives. Whether these initiatives come under the rubrics of “creative industries”, “cultural planning” or “cultural development”, they have at their core a nexus between urban planning and cultural programming. The logic of this nexus is to ensure urban development facilitates the possibilities for community and citizenly social democratic participation; culture is thought to be an ideal t

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