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毕业论文网 > 外文翻译 > 社会学类 > 社会工作 > 正文

从客户到公民:资产为本社区发展战略驱动社区动力发展外文翻译资料

 2023-03-17 11:03  

This article was downloaded by: [Florida State University]

On: 27 December 2014, At: 04:23

Publisher: Routledge

Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered

office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK

Development in Practice

Publication details, including instructions for authors and

subscription information:

http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cdip20

From clients to citizens: Asset-based

Community Development as a strategy

for community-driven development

Alison Mathie amp; Gord Cunningham

Published online: 01 Jul 2010.

To cite this article: Alison Mathie amp; Gord Cunningham (2003) From clients to citizens: Asset-based Community Development as a strategy for community-driven development, Development in Practice,

13:5, 474-486, DOI: 10.1080/0961452032000125857

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0961452032000125857

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE

Taylor amp; Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the

“Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor amp; Francis,

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the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions

and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors,

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howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising

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从客户到公民:资产为本社区发展战略驱动社区动力发展

原文作者:Alison Mathie and Gord Cunningham

摘要:本文将以资产为本的社区发展模式(ABCD)代替以需求为本的发展方法为研究重点。在概述ABCD的原则和实践后,结合当今相关研究及实践成果,验证了ABCD的四个主要要素。这包括以优势视角为出发点的理论和实践;社会资本作为社区发展资产的概念;社区经济发展理论;以及从参与性发展、公民身份和公民社会之间的联系中吸取的教训。本文将概述ABCD如何反映并整合这些领域的趋势,并从这项研究中和分析中获益。

关键词:资产为本 社区发展

介绍

近年来,以资产为本的社区发展模式(ABCD)作为城市社区和农村社区发展的创新战略,引起了北美社区发展从业者的注意。它吸引了少数但专注的追随者,特别是那些对政府和非政府执意以需求为导向推动社区发展策略彻底失望的人。作为替代性方法,ABCD的吸引力在于,社区居民可以通过识别和动员现有的(但通常是未被承认的)社区资产来自觉组织并推动社区发展,从而应对并创造当地经济发展的机会。特别之处在于,ABCD提醒人们关注社区资产:居民特有才能,以及促进当地协会和非正式关系网络的固有社会资本。

就其对国际社区发展实践的潜力而言,它被视作对社会、政治和经济格局巨大变化而做出的反应。在大多数国家,自由化政策导致了社会契约的削弱,这迫使政府负责提供方案解决社区问题。与此同时,在基层实行更有力、更负责任的治理方式。特别是在南半球国家,民间社会组织的出现已成为民主化进程的前沿和中心。科技的不断进步、全球及覆盖各地的通信网络为一些社区分散的经济发展提供了机会。除此之外,其他社区为了谋求生存,将其资产延展到不可持续的水平。在这一变革时期,社区面临着双重挑战:创造并抓住可持续发展的机会,要求和保留国家和世界公民身份的权利。

ABCD包含了在这一时期表露的想法和实践。我们在这篇论文中提出的案例是,ABCD提供了一个连贯的战略,将地方和国际发展机构实践的各种互补链联结在一起。

我们首先概述了ABCD的原则和实践。紧接着,我们根据现有的相关研究和实践文献,研究了ABCD的四个主要要素。这包括以优势视角出发的理论和实践;将社会资本作为社区发展的资产概念;社区经济发展的理论;以及从建立积极的公民参与和更有力的公民社会理论及实践中吸取的教训。我们展示了ABCD如何反映这些领域的最新趋势,并将从这项工作产生的见解中获益。

在继续进行之前,我们的标题中有两个关键词需要更清晰的定义:“社区”和“公民”。“社区”是一个很容易出错的概念,对这一概念的延续使用已将近500年,指实际的人群(如社区与村庄、邻里或种族相联系),以及这些人之间关系的特殊性质(如“社区感”)(加州大学董事会1999年)。因此,如果它被随意使用,这个术语可能会产生一种错觉,即在某个特定地点、社区或民族的人必然是合作、关心和包容的,但现实情况可往往非常不同,原因在于由于性别、种族和阶级关系上的权力差异很有可能会导致排斥,并威胁到群体凝聚力的缔造。

目前,国际社会不断完善以权利为基础的社区发展策略,同时不断优化民主执政,“公民”问题正在重新受到重视。这个词有一个类似的语言经验,即是对“是什么”和应该是什么的陈述。在这种情况下,虽然公民身份主要是以领土为基础的(例如,在现代民族国家中,将公民与政府联系在一起),但在历史上,它也与公民之间的联系,即和“积极参与”有关(Barber 1984)。

将这两个术语结合在一起,我们在本文中表明,资产为本的社区发展有可能推动居民内部公民意识的萌发,同时加强居民作为公民的能力,要求他们有权获得赖以为生的资产。积极的公民意识起源于社区,资产为本的社区发展建立了社区意识,同时优化了可持续生计的前景。

资产为本的社区发展概述

ABCD的起源

通过对美国成功的社区倡导特点的广泛调查,西北大学政策研究所的John McKnight和Jody Kretzmann将ABCD作为对抗需求为本社区发展模式的主要方式——基于美国城市环境的发展方法。在以需求为本的社区发展模式中,高校、捐助机构和政府的善意努力产生了需求调查和评估、展开问题分析,并确定了满足这些需求的解决办法。然而,在这一过程中,他们无意中提出了一种片面的、消极的看法,这往往是损害而不是促进社区能力建设。

Kretzmann和McKnight(1993年)指出,建设以需求为导向的方法是贫困社区的唯一指南,其后果可能是“毁灭性的”(第4页)。主要影响之一是培养了贬低社区的管理者。管理者发现,吸引社区资源的最好方式就是渲染问题的严重性。评判地方领导力的标准是社区吸引了多少资源,而不是社区变得有多自力更生。Kretzmann和McKnight发现的另一个结果是,社区中的人们开始相信社区管理者所说的话。他们开始认为自己是有缺陷的,无法掌控自己的生活和社区。不足为奇的是,社区成员不再像公民那样行事;相反,他们开始像服务的“客户”或消费者那样行事,没有成为生产者的动机。

这种做法的另一个后果是,地方团体开始更多地与外部机构建立联系,而不是与自己社区的团体打交道。这强化了“只有外部专家才能提供真正帮助”的观念(第4页),并进一步削弱了邻里之间的关系。提供资金的依据是需求类别,而不是综合方法,这导致“提供解决办法的努力支离破碎,令人十分遗憾。这否定了基本的社区智慧,认为问题是紧密交织在一起的,实际上是社区自身解决问题能力崩溃的症状。”(第4页)。更糟糕的是,大部分资金都流向了满足需求的机构,而且,这些机构开始在这种方法上不断形成既得利益。

Kretzmann和McKnight描述了另一种方法,一种认识到加强当地人民及其协会能力建立的社区方法。承认这些能力的过程始于构建一个新的视角,通过这个视角,社区可以“开始将其优势组合成新的组合、新的机会结构、新收入和控制来源以及新的生产可能性”。(第

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This article was downloaded by: [Florida State University]

On: 27 December 2014, At: 04:23

Publisher: Routledge

Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered

office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK

Development in Practice

Publication details, including instructions for authors and

subscription information:

http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cdip20

From clients to citizens: Asset-based

Community Development as a strategy

for community-driven development

Alison Mathie amp; Gord Cunningham

Published online: 01 Jul 2010.

To cite this article: Alison Mathie amp; Gord Cunningham (2003) From clients to citizens: Asset-based Community Development as a strategy for community-driven development, Development in Practice,

13:5, 474-486, DOI: 10.1080/0961452032000125857

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0961452032000125857

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE

Taylor amp; Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the

'Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor amp; Francis,

our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to

the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions

and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors,

and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor amp; Francis. The accuracy of the Content

should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources

of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims,

proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or

howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising

out of the use of the Content.

This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any

substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing,

systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms amp;

Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-

and-conditions

附外文文献原文

From clients to citizens: Asset-based Community Development as a strategy for community-driven development

Alison Mathie and Gord Cunningham

In this paper, Asset-based Community Development (ABCD) is presented as an alternative to needs-based approaches to development. Following an overview of the principles andpractice of ABCD, four major elements of ABCD are examined in light of the current literature on relevant research andpractice. This involves exploring the theory andpractice of appreciative inquiry; the concept of social capital as an asset for community development; the theory of community economic development; and lessons learned from the links between participatory development, citizenship, and civil society. The paper outlines how ABCD both reflects and integrates trends in these areas, and stands to benefit from the insights generated from this work.

Introduction

In recent years, Asset-based Community Development (ABCD) has caught the attention of community development practitioners in North America as an innovative strategy for community-driven development in urban neighbourhoods and rural communities. It has attracted a small but dedicated following, particularly among those who are disenchanted with the needs-based approach to community development that is so entrenched in government and non-governmental service delivery. As an alternative approach, the appeal ofABCD lies in its premise that people in communities can organise to drive the development process themselves by identifying and mobilising existing (but often unrecognised) assets, thereby responding to and creating local econom

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