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毕业论文网 > 外文翻译 > 法学类 > 法学 > 正文

婚姻豁免、亲密关系与不当推论:一项关于亲密关系下的性侵犯的新法律外文翻译资料

 2022-12-29 11:12  

婚姻豁免、亲密关系与不当推论:一项关于亲密关系下的性侵犯的新法律

原文作者 MICHELLE J. ANDERSON

摘要:本文对各州性犯罪法中的婚姻豁免法进行了评估,并提出所有国家都应该废除继续污染他们的性犯罪法规的婚姻豁免权的观点。本文建议各国采取一项关于亲密关系下的性侵犯的新法律,以纠正对持续同意的不当推断。这项新法律将涵盖被告与原告在婚姻、同居、约会或其他情况下的性行为。它将宣布,原告对该实例的同意不能仅仅基于她同意在其他场合与被告的相同或不同的行为。

关键词:亲密关系;婚姻豁免;持续同意;不当推断;

概述

至少从17世纪开始,强奸法就包括传统的婚内强奸豁免。这一豁免意味着男人不能被指控强奸他们的妻子,如果他们的确这么做了,婚姻将为他们提供一个有力的辩护。从20世纪70年代开始,女权主义改革者将目光投向了这一过时的强奸理论(以及其他同样对女性不公平的),并致力于将其从法律中消除。因此,婚内强奸的豁免受到了大约30年的学术批评。法律学者认为,在第十四修正案的平等保护条款下,婚姻强奸的豁免是违反宪法的。他们要求取消婚姻豁免权,或者通过删除有关部分婚姻状况的性犯罪法的条款,或者在那些授权起诉配偶强奸的法规中插入新的条款。

许多人认为,改革者赢得了反对婚内强奸的斗争,但不幸的是,这种信念是错误的。好消息是,24个州和哥伦比亚特区已经废除了对性侵犯的婚姻豁免权;坏消息是仍然有26个州以这样或那样的形式保留了婚姻豁免权。虽然在这26个州中,有一些对强奸的具体罪行的婚姻豁免权已被废除,但对其他性侵犯的豁免却十分猖獗。例如,有20个州认为与失去能力或无意识的,无法表达是否答应的妻子发生性关系可授予婚内豁免权。15个州对性侵犯给予婚姻豁免权,除非要求如立即投诉、额外的武力、分居或离婚。如今,超过一半的州的法律使得罪犯对妻子的性侵犯更加难以定罪。在这样的情况下,这些司法管辖区的法律降低了已婚妇女的地位,并给那些性侵妻子的男人提供了一种毫无根据的地位优势。

在这篇文章中,笔者今天对州性犯罪法中的婚姻豁免法进行了评估,并提出了亟需改革的地方,在结构和理论上,我提出两个论点:首先,所有国家都应该废除继续污染他们的性犯罪法规的婚姻豁免权。因为对被丈夫性侵犯的已婚妇女的歧视是不可原谅的,州法律对性侵犯其妻子的男人不应给予优待。强奸法中关于原告和被告的婚姻状况的正式中立性——对强奸他们妻子的已婚男人没有任何偏爱——这是一个国家必须向妇女要求公平的最低限度。

  1. 形式中立是不够的。形式中立并不能解决由婚姻强奸豁免引起的更深层和更棘手的问题。这项豁免不仅仅是保护男性免于被起诉强奸他们的妻子,它预示了被告和原告之间先前的性关系对今天的强奸指控具有毁灭性的影响。对性行为活跃的妇女的严重偏见,她们被她们的丈夫强奸,这是一种常见但不恰当的性行为,即所谓的“性行为”指的是在当事人之间存在一种之前的亲密关系。在性关系中,对持续同意的不当推断是一个教义问题,它影响到所有的婚内强奸,不管当事人的婚姻状况如何。

据司法部估计,有62%的成人强奸案是由配偶、前配偶、男友或前男友犯下的。如果刑法是为了纠正这些强奸,那么它必须攻击那些被婚姻强奸免除的人,即丈夫、前夫、男友和前男友,因为他们之前与受害者发生性关系而被允许进行性行为。

我建议各国采取一项关于亲密关系下的性侵犯的新法律,以纠正对持续同意的不当推断。这项新法律将涵盖被告与原告在婚姻、同居、约会或其他情况下的性行为。它将宣布,原告对该实例的同意不能仅仅基于她同意在其他场合与被告的相同或不同的行为。

本文的第一部分追溯了我国婚姻强奸免责的发展情况。它以英国普通法上的学说的历史为开端,分析了婚姻强奸豁免的三个传统正当性理由。它认为,最持久的理由是,婚姻契约授予妇女与丈夫的性行为的持续同意。接着,它描述了在50个州和哥伦比亚特区的性侵犯法令中,基于婚姻状况的豁免权。它分析了当前婚姻豁免的现代正当性理由,包括《刑法典》和一些学者提出的立场,即与妇女有性关系的男性可以假定同意与他们进行未来的性交。它认为,这些现代的理由源自于传统观念的持续同意。

第二部分指出,至少在1970年代完成女权主义改革议程。它主张在强奸法律中对当事人的婚姻状况进行形式中立,这样法律就不会对强奸妻子的男人给予优待。它通过分析人们普遍持有的观点来驳斥这种观点:妻子强奸对受害者的伤害比对陌生人强奸的伤害小。在对这一问题进行了研究后,它得出的结论与普遍的观点相反,即与陌生人强奸相比,妻子的强奸更倾向于暴力和心理伤害。废除男性在强奸妻子时享有的地位优势,对于纠正妻子强奸造成的伤害是至关重要的。

第三部分探讨了这个国家关于性侵犯的更广泛的法律的发展。它首先回顾了婚姻强奸豁免的历史,婚内强奸的开始是从合法的婚内性关系被限制以及婚外性行为被反对乱伦和通奸的法律禁止时开始的。在20世纪后期,随着社会将非婚性行为合法化,法定的婚姻豁免开始包括同居和自愿的社会伙伴。与此同时,立法机构开始实施强奸保护法,尽管他们普遍禁止承认原告之前的性史,但这些法律普遍承认,无论当事人的婚姻状况如何,都有证据表明她与被告有性关系。这部分认为这两种法律变化——在婚姻豁免的范围内包括同居伴侣和自愿的社会伙伴,以及承认原告和被告之间的性历史证据——都是目前同意意识形态的现代表现。

鉴于法律对性侵犯的法律的发展,第四部分重新探讨了在性侵犯法规中婚姻状况的形式中立问题。它分析了一些改革建议,即各州在其性侵犯法令中废除婚姻豁免权,或者各州增加具体规定,表明男性可能因强奸妻子而被起诉。但它认为这两项提议都是不够的,因为它们未能解决基于强奸法律中根深蒂固的亲密关系的持续认同意识形态。因此,20世纪70年代开始的女权主义改革议程不仅未完成,而且还不够。

第五部分提出了一项关于已婚伴侣和未婚密友的性侵犯的新法律,该法律针对的是基于亲密关系的持续同意的不当推断。在审查和否决其他提议之后,它认为各州应该放弃专门处理婚姻状况的法律条款。相反,他们认为应该通过一项条款,宣布双方的婚前性关系,无论是在婚姻、同居、约会,还是另一种情况下,都不能为被告提供对于被指控性侵犯的辩护。这项新规定也将宣布,如果仅仅根据投诉人事先同意与被告的相同或不同性行为,就不能推断为同意。与目前的同意意识形态相反,这部分提供了一种对“同意”的规范性观点,这是暂时的限制和特定的。这是一种更加平等的规范的共识,这是新法律对性侵犯的暗示。最后,第五部分将这项新法律适用于先前讨论过的案例,并得出结论说,这样的应用程序将会对现状产生一种改进。

婚姻豁免的州性犯罪法的附录,详细说明了包含某种形式的婚姻豁免的26个州的现行法规。

  1. 婚姻强奸免责事项的发展

这部分论述了婚姻强奸免责的法律发展。它首先分析了英国普通法下的婚姻强奸豁免权的历史,认为最持久的传统正当性理由是在17世纪由马修·黑尔爵士提出的持续同意意识形态。尽管20世纪70年代开始了女权主义的改革,但现在的婚姻豁免权仍然存在于州法规中。这些目前的豁免分为三类:某些性侵犯的豁免,离婚的性侵犯法令,以及对配偶性侵犯的额外要求。作为最后的分析方法,这部分转向了现代的理由,即《刑法典》的草拟者和其他一些人已经提出了古老的和现代版本的婚姻豁免的性侵犯。它认为这些现代的理由最终取决于黑尔的持续同意意识形态。

(一)婚姻强奸免责史

在英国普通法下,对强奸的传统定义是未经她同意而与女性进行非法性交。帕金斯在他的《刑法》的主要论文中解释说,婚姻强奸的豁免是通过非法的这个词来定义的。在丈夫和妻子之间发生的任何性行为,甚至是强迫的,都是合法的,因此被排除在强奸的定义之外。帕金斯写道:“丈夫与妻子发生性行为违背自己意愿的真正原因,不是因为强奸行为有罪,而是这种行为不是非法的,夫妻之间的性交受法律制裁,所有其他的性交都是不合法的。”在英国普通法下,将夫妻之间所有的性行为定为合法的三个主要理由是:财产理论、统一理论和持续的同意理论。

根据财产理论,女人被认为是男人的财产。强奸是对男人的一种侵犯,他把女人当作自己的财产,而不是对女人自己。强奸一个未婚女子,违背了她的父亲,强奸一个已婚妇女,违背了她的丈夫。因为一个男人被允许以他认为合适的方式来对待他的动产,所以她丈夫对一个已婚妇女的强奸并不是一种罪过。因为强奸一个已婚妇女是对她丈夫财产的侵犯,“起诉一个强奸他妻子的丈夫并不比起诉他偷他自己的财产更有意义。”

英国普通法中关于婚外强奸的第二个理由是“统一理论”,即封建主义的“复盖”,即在婚姻中,女性的独立的合法身份被废除,成为她丈夫身份的一部分。27日威廉爵士百仕通(Blackstone)解释了统一理论在他的论述英国普通法:“婚姻,丈夫和妻子都是一个人在法律上:也就是说,女人的存在或法律存在悬浮在婚姻期间,或者至少是合并和整合”到她丈夫的法律存在。根据统一理论,丈夫对妻子的行为负有法律责任,如果她反抗他的权威,他就可以对她进行身体上的惩罚。布莱克斯通解释说,一个人可以:

给他的妻子适度的纠正,因为他要为她的错误行为负责,法律认为,用这种抑制她的力量,通过家庭的惩戒,以同样的节制,允许一个男人纠正他的学徒或孩子,这是合理的。

外文文献出处:Hastings Law Journal,54 ( June,2003)

附外文文献原文:

Marital Immunity, Intimate Relationships, and Improper Inferences: A New Law on Sexual Offenses by Intimates

by

MICHELLE J. ANDERSON*

Introduction

At least since the seventeenth century, rape law has included a formal marital rape exemption.1 This exemption meant that men could not be charged with raping their wives and, if they were, marriage provided them with a complete defense.2 Beginning in the 1970s, feminist reformers set their sights on this antiquated rape doctrine (as well as others that were similarly unfair to women) and worked to eliminate it from the law. As a result, the marital rape exemption has been subjected to about three decades of scholarly criticism.3 Legal academics argued that the marital rape exemption

* Associate Professor of Law, Villanova University School of Law. J.D., Yale Law School; B.A., University of California at Santa Cruz. I want to thank my outstanding colleagues: Leslie Book, Kathleen Brady, Michael Carroll, Steven Chanenson, Frank Rudy Cooper, Ann Juliano, Greg Magarian, Anne Poulin, Richard Redding, and Lou Sirico. This work could not have been completed without their help. I also want to thank the law students who were my research assistants: Elizabeth Cameron, Katharine Crawford, Amy Kearney, and Samantha Pitts-Kiefer. I am grateful for the generous support I received for this work from the administration and library staff at Villanova University School of Law.

  1. 1 MATTHEW HALE, THE HISTORY OF THE PLEAS OF THE CROWN 629 (Robert H. Small ed., 1st Am. ed. 1847) (1736).
  2. Id. See also Commonwealth v. Fogerty, 74 Mass. (8 Gray) 489 (1857) (“[I]t would always be competent . . . to show, in defence of a charge of rape alleged to be actually committed by himself, that the woman on whom it was ch

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    Marital Immunity, Intimate Relationships, and Improper Inferences: A New Law on Sexual Offenses by Intimates

    by

    MICHELLE J. ANDERSON*

    Introduction

    At least since the seventeenth century, rape law has included a formal marital rape exemption.1 This exemption meant that men could not be charged with raping their wives and, if they were, marriage provided them with a complete defense.2 Beginning in the 1970s, feminist reformers set their sights on this antiquated rape doctrine (as well as others that were similarly unfair to women) and worked to eliminate it from the law. As a result, the marital rape exemption has been subjected to about three decades of scholarly criticism.3 Legal academics argued that the marital rape exemption

    * Associate Professor of Law, Villanova University School of Law. J.D., Yale Law School; B.A., University of California at Santa Cruz. I want to thank my outstanding colleagues: Leslie Book, Kathleen Brady, Michael Carroll, Steven Chanenson, Frank Rudy Cooper, Ann Juliano, Greg Magarian, Anne Poulin, Richard Redding, and Lou Sirico. This work could not have been completed without their help. I also want to thank the law students who were my research assistants: Elizabeth Cameron, Katharine Crawford, Amy Kearney, and Samantha Pitts-Kiefer. I am grateful for the generous support I received for this work from the administration and library staff at Villanova University School of Law.

    1. 1 MATTHEW HALE, THE HISTORY OF THE PLEAS OF THE CROWN 629 (Robert H. Small ed., 1st Am. ed. 1847) (1736).
    2. Id. See also Commonwealth v. Fogerty, 74 Mass. (8 Gray) 489 (1857) (“[I]t would always be competent . . . to show, in defence of a charge of rape alleged to be actually committed by himself, that the woman on whom it was charged to have been committed was his wife.”).
    3. See Rene Augustine, Marriage: The Safe Haven for Rapists, 29 J. FAM. L. 559, 585 (1990–91) (“State legislatures need to abolish the exemption altogether, without simply narrowing the definition of marriage while retaining immunity for rape within marriage, without treating marital rape as a lesser offense, and without imposing extraneous requirements for the prosecution of cases involving marital rape.”); Thomas R. Bearrows, Transition: Abolishing the Marital Exemption for Rape: A Statutory Proposal, 1983 U. ILL.

    [1463]

    1464 HASTINGS LAW JOURNAL [Vol. 54

    L. REV. 201 (“Despite lengthy debate and severe criticism, the [marital exemption for rape] persists today as an anachronistic reminder of societyrsquo;s traditional view of women and marriage generally.”); Anne L. Buckborough, Family Law: Recent Developments in the Law of Marital I, 1989 ANN. SURV. AM. L. 343, 345 (1990) (“According to the theory of implied consent, marital rape is impossible because all sexual contact within a continuing relationship is presumed to be consensual. Thus, under statutes grounded in the theory of implied consent, nonconsensual sexual intercourse is not a crime in the context of an ongoing sexual relationship.”); Jill Elaine Hasday, Contest and Consent: A Legal History of Marital Rape, 88 CAL. L. REV. 1373, 1504 (2000) (“The modern defenders of the marital rape exemption . . . submerge and deny the harm that the rule causes women.”); The Marital Rape Exemption, 52 N.Y.U. L. REV. 306, 313 (1977) (“Reasons for maintaining the husbandrsquo;s immunity [from marital rape convictions are not] sufficient to justify the deprivation which the exemption imposes on wives.”); Charlotte L. Mitra, “. . . For She Has No Right or Power to Refuse Her Consent,1979 CRIM. L. REV. 558 (“By thus exempting the husband from prosecution for rape on his wife, the law has granted him an immunity which is based solely on status.”); Comment, Rape and Battery Between Husband and Wife, 6 STAN. L. REV. 719, 720 (1954) [hereinafter Comment, Rape and Battery] (“Clearly the criminal law gives protection to a spouse against the grossest forms of invasion of bodily integrity.”); Rebecca M. Ryan, The Sex Right: A Legal History of the Marital Rape Exemption, 20 LAW amp; SOC. INQUIRY, 941, 992 (1995) (“While certain states repealed the exemption entirely, other states merely compromised between old and new orthodoxies.”); Katherine M. Schelong, Domestic Violence and the State: Responses To and Rationales for Spousal Battering, Marital Rape amp; Stalking, 78 MARQ. L. REV. 79,

    96 (1994) (“The contemporary treatment of marital rape and domestic violence . . . demonstrates an underlying commitment to female subordination and female difference.”); Robin West, Equality Theory, Marital Rape, and the Promise of the Fourteenth Amendment, 42 FLA. L. REV. 45, 69 (1990) (“The irrationality of marital rape exemptions is not their fundamental flaw. . . . The evil is that they legalize, and hence legitimate, a form of violence that does inestimable damage to all women, not only to those who are raped.”); Emily R. Brown, Note, Changing the Marital Rape Exemption: I Am Chattel(?!); Hear Me Roar, 18 AM. J. TRIAL ADVOC. 657, 657 (1995) (“While legislatures and courts have been busy creating laws to handle [domestic violence, incest and child abuse], they have been slow in protecting women from perhaps the most damaging form of domestic violence: spousal rape.”) (footnotes omitted); Cassandra M. DeLaMothe, Note, Liberta Revisited: A Call to Repeal the Marital Exemption for all Sex Offenses in New Yorkrsquo;s Penal Law, 23 FORDHAM URB. L.J. 857, 858 (1996) (“This Note argues that to fully protect victims of spousal sexual assault, the New York Legislature should codify the Liberta decision and repeal the marital exemption for all sex offenses.”); Lisa R. Eskow, Note, The Ultimate Weapo

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