摘 要

聚丙烯（PP）具有许多优异的性能比如密度小、耐化学腐蚀、电绝缘以及加工性能好等，并且还有成本低，原料易得的优点。但其低温易脆、耐候性差、易燃烧等缺陷限制了其应用。改性手段可以有效提升PP的综合性能。

本实验首先以PP为基体、玻璃纤维（GF）为增强材料、马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯（PP-g-MAH）为相容剂制备高性能的玻纤增强聚丙烯复合材料，并借助相关测试手段对复合材料的力学性能、断面形貌、流动性能、结晶性能、热性能以及阻燃性能进行分析，并研究了玻纤、相容剂对以上性能的影响。得到了以下成果：玻纤的加入可以有效提升PP的力学性能，含量达到15phr后玻纤的增强效率会减弱，考虑到加工性能的影响，选择15phr玻纤含量最佳。玻纤的加入也会提高PP的热稳定性。PP的结晶度和结晶速率也会随着玻纤的加入而上升。但是复合材料的流动性能会随玻纤含量的增加而下降，且阻燃性能没有得到改善。PP-g-MAH的加入会增强纤维和基体间的界面黏结，因此对复合材料力学性能起到增强效果，含量达到6phr时复合材料显示的力学性能最佳。同样PP-g-MAH会降低复合材料的流动性能，但这种影响较玻纤弱。

进一步选用膨胀型阻燃剂（IFR）制备阻燃型玻纤增强聚丙烯复合材料，同样借助相关测试手段研究阻燃剂对复合材料力学性能、断面形貌、流动性能、热性能以及阻燃性能的影响。最后得出了以下研究成果：IFR的加入可以有效提高复合材料的热性能和阻燃性能，含量为20phr时UL-94达到V-0。但是从SEM图中发现IFR的加入会减弱纤维和基体间的黏结，还会减弱复合材料的力学性能和流动性能。

关键词：聚丙烯；玻璃纤维；复合材料；马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯；膨胀型阻燃剂

Abstract

Polypropylene (PP) has many excellent properties such as low density, chemical resistance,

electrical insulation and better processing performance etc.Besides,it also has the advantages of low cost and availability of raw materials.But its low temperature brittleness,bad weather resistance and flammable characteristics limit its applications.Modified method can effectively improve the comprehensive performance of PP.

This work firstly used PP as matrix,glass fibers (GF) as reinforced material,maleic anhydride grafted PP (PP-g-MAH) as compatibilizer to produce high-performance PP composites，and we analyzed the mechanical properties,fractured surface,fluidity,crystallization behavior,thermal properties and flame-retardant performance of the composites with the help of relevant testing methods,and studied the effect of the addition of glass fibers and compatibilizer on the above properties.And we got the following results: the addition of GF could effectively improve the mechanical properties of PP,but the reinforcing efficiency decreased after the GF content reached 15phr,considering the processing performance,15phr is the best .The addition of GF also improved the thermal stability of PP.The crystallinity and crystallization rate of PP also grew with the addition of GF.But the flowing property of the composites decreased with the increase of the content of GF,and there is no improvement of flame retardant property.The addition of PP-g-MAH could reinforce the adhesion between the matrix and the fiber,thus improved the mechanical properties of the composites,and when the content was 6phr the composites showed the best mechanical properties.PP-g-MAH could improve the flowing property as well,but this effect is weaker than the GF.

We further chose intumescent flame retardants (IFR) to produce flame-retardant and glass fiber reinforced PP composites,and similarly studied the effect of the fire retardant on mechanical properties,fractured surface,flowing property,thermal properties and flame-retardant performance of the composites with the help of relevant testing measures. Finally the following results of the research were reached: the addition of IFR could improve the thermal property and flame retardant performance of the composites,when the IFR content was 20phr,the UL-94 level could reach V-0.But from the SEM of fractured surface we found the adhesion between the fiber and the matrix was weakened by the addition of IFR,which also reduced the mechanical properties and flowing property of the composites.

Key Words：Polypropylene；glass fiber；composites；maleic anhydride grafted PP；intumescent flame retardants

目 录

摘 要 I

Abstract II

第1章 绪论 1

1.1 聚丙烯的结构和性能 1

1.1.1 聚丙烯的结构 1

1.1.2 聚丙烯的性能 1

1.2 聚丙烯的改性 2

1.2.1 化学改性 2

1.2.2 物理改性 3

1.3 玻纤增强聚丙烯复合材料的研究进展 3

1.3.1 纤维表面处理 4

1.3.2 树脂基体改性 5

1.3.3 玻纤增强聚丙烯复合材料的结晶行为研究 5

1.3.4 玻纤增强聚丙烯复合材料的阻燃性能研究 6

1.4 本课题的研究目的、意义和研究内容 6

1.4.1 本课题的研究目的和意义 6

1.4.2 本课题的研究内容 7

第2章 实验部分 8

2.1 实验原料 8

2.2 实验设备 8

2.3 样品制备 8

2.4 性能测试方法 10

2.4.1 力学性能测试 10

2.4.2 断面形貌 11

2.4.3 流动性能测试 11

2.4.4 结晶性能测试 11

2.4.5 热性能分析 11

2.4.6 阻燃性能测试 11

第3章 玻纤增强聚丙烯复合材料的性能研究 13

3.1 力学性能分析 13

3.1.1 玻纤对复合材料力学性能的影响 13

3.1.2 相容剂对复合材料力学性能的影响 14

3.2 断面形貌 15

3.3 流动性能分析 16

3.3.1 玻纤对复合材料流动性能的影响 16

3.3.2 相容剂对复合材料流动性能的影响 16

3.4 结晶性能分析 17

3.4.1 偏光显微分析 17

3.4.2 DSC分析 18

3.5 热性能分析 18

3.6 阻燃性能分析 19

3.7 小结 19

第4章 阻燃型玻纤增强聚丙烯复合材料的性能研究 21

4.1 力学性能分析 21

4.2 断面形貌 22

4.3 流动性能分析 22

4.4 热性能分析 23

4.5 阻燃性能分析 24

4.6 小结 24

第5章 结论 25

参考文献 26

致谢 28

第1章 绪论

1.1 聚丙烯的结构和性能

聚丙烯材料具有密度小、加工性能好、折叠性好、抗酸碱腐蚀和多种有机溶剂等优点，并且原料来源广泛、成本低，所以在工业和民用领域的产量和用量都比较大。中国是世界上最大的聚丙烯消费国，2004年中国聚丙烯的需求超过了790万吨，2010年达到了1360万吨的水平，虽然中国聚丙烯的工业发展迅速，但产量仍不能满足国内生产需求，每年都需大量进口^[1,2]。