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毕业论文网 > 外文翻译 > 经济学类 > 电子商务 > 正文

保证渔业产品在国际市场中的质量和安全外文翻译资料

 2023-01-11 10:01  

保证渔业产品在国际市场中的质量和安全

原文作者 Lahsen Ababouch

摘要:2002年渔业国际贸易额达到了582亿美元,相比与2002年增长了2%,比1992年增长了45%。在全球贸易范围内,发展中国家贡献了174亿美元的净贸易顺差额,占2002年总的净贸易顺差额的近50%和渔业出口总量的55%。

渔业的全球化,伴随着在食品生产、加工处理、和销售方面技术的提高,和消费者对食品质量安全意识和需求的不断提高,食品安全和质量保证越来越受到公众的高度关注和政府的高度重视。因此,许多国家加强了食品安全控制,实施额外的在进口方面的成本控制和要求。早在1980年,国际上已出现了一种采用基于安全和质量控制的HACCP体系。更近的,目前已经出现了要求采用多学科、综合性的、能应用于整条食品产业链的方法的意识。这种方法的实施需要可行的政策和处于国际水平的政策和监管环境,同时需要制定详细的规则和标准,在国家和地方各级机构建立合适的食品控制系统和计划,并提供适当的培训和相关的能力建设。

本文讨论了保证鱼类产品安全和质量的国际框架,特别强调联合国粮食农业组织(FAO)旨在促进国际协调和能力建设的一些战略。

关键词:渔业产品; HACCP;动植物卫生检疫措施的协议(SPS);技术性贸易壁垒协议(TBT);联合国粮食农业组织(FAO);

1.简介

全球渔业生产对全球粮食贸易和粮食安全非常重要,提供了动物蛋白总供应的15%。1998年到2003年之间,世界平均渔业生产和利用量为128.7万吨,2002年达到了133.0万吨的峰值。(表1)。约38%的鱼类品种进入国际贸易,其中约50%的品种原产地在发展中国家。美国、欧盟、日本约80%的渔业贸易依赖进口。随着国际渔业贸易的增长和全球化的加深,传染病跨境传播的风险越来越大,从而导致人类健康风险加剧并国际贸易产生了更显著的影响。这就需要各方通过更充分的协调来保障鱼产品的安全和品质,避免不公平贸易和变相的技术贸易壁垒来影响贸易的发展。

表1世界渔业生产和利用

单位:百万吨

产量

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

内陆

捕捞

8.1

8.5

8.7

8.7

8.7

9.0

水产养殖

18.5

20.2

21.3

22.5

23.9

25.2

内陆总量

26.6

28.7

30.0

31.2

32.6

34.2

海洋

捕捞

79.6

85.2

86.8

84.2

84.5

81.3

水产养殖

12.0

13.3

14.2

15.2

15.9

16.7

海洋总量

91.6

98.5

101.0

99.4

100.4

98.0

总捕捞量

87.7

93.8

95.5

92.9

93.2

90.3

总水产养殖量

30.6

33.4

35.5

37.8

39.8

41.9

鱼业总量

118.2

127.2

131.0

130.7

133.0

132.2

利用情况

人类消费

93.6

95.4

96.8

99.5

100.7

103.0

非食品用途

24.6

31.8

34.2

31.1

32.2

29.2

人口数量(万亿)

5.9

6.0

6.1

6.1

6.2

6.3

人均供应量

15.8

15.9

15.9

16.2

16.2

16.3

3. 海产品质量和安全的发展

世界范围内,只有少数国家(主要是发达国家)对食源性疾病有报告,即使是这些国家也承认存在严重的漏报。据有效数据表明,海产品中约有10%—25%会爆发这些疾病((Nilsson and Gram, 2001)。近期美国的统计数据表明食源性疾病爆发中约有25%是由于食用贝类产品(Olsen et al., 2000)。同样的报告显示,海产品的食源性疾病爆发中约有86%是由生物毒素(主要为鱼肉)和组胺造成的,而与贝类相关的疾病爆发中约有34%是由病毒和细菌造成的。但值得强调的是这些数字描述的爆发并不是个案疾病,爆发通常被描述为三个或者更多个由同样的原因造成的案例。鱼类产品对食源性疾病的个案总数的比例还是较小的。

同样,由于不符合进口安全或质量要求,海产品国际贸易是可以被拘留、拒绝甚至销毁的。美国2001-2002年进口数据显示,进口遭拒商品中约有10%是海产品,海产品进口遭拒最常见的理由是“污秽”(约50%),其次是检测到沙门氏菌(25%)(Hussetal.,2003)。在欧盟,欧盟委员会制定了一个用于告知其成员国有关问题或涉及不符合卫生要求的食品安全快速预警机制。一项覆盖了1999年1月到2002年6月期间的研究(Huss et al., 2003)表明鱼类警报数量在1999年1月到2001年12月期间稳步增长,基本爆发于2002年。化学和药物剩余(46.4%)和细菌剩余(39.7%)是主要的原因。大多数由于化学和兽药残留引起的警报(74.4%)频繁发生于2002年。其中,因氯霉素和硝基呋喃类引起的警报分别占因化学剩余引起的警报数量的54%和24.5%,分别占警报总数量的39.6%和18%。组胺和寄生虫引起的警报占比最低,分别为1.3%和4%。这些拒绝进口和拘留会导致贸易双方的冲突,出口国可能会出于技术性贸易壁垒的考虑从而中断贸易或采取报复性手段来应对风险。最重要的是,他们强调用风险评估的方法来协调食品标准方面的问题。

水产养殖当前和未来的发展对海产品的安全有着重大的影响。特别值得注意的是来自寄生虫、细菌、化学污染和兽医药品的威胁。除了关注到捕捞渔业中的细菌剂,食物链中养殖鱼的大幅提高会导致污染物的大量集中,比如,欧洲市场上的鱼粉和鱼油受二噁英污染严重程度就远大于来自南太平洋上的产品。

最常见的导致人类疾病的、由鱼类或甲壳类动物传播的寄生虫是线虫、绦虫和吸虫。鱼源性吸虫(扁形虫)感染是一个公共卫生问题,特别是爆发在那些经常食用生的或未熟透的鱼类的人类群体当中。有些寄生虫病在东亚国家间广泛流行,包括中国、韩国和越南北部。受感染的鱼主要是通过越境转移来传播疾病。

4.水产品安全和质量的发展

早在1980年,很多国家从事改进他们的水产品检测系统,从最终产品的抽样检验到以预防危害分析关键控制点(HACCP)为基础的安全和质量体系。这种预防方法要求:

bull;水产品需在经过认证的工厂和机构加工。认证过程要求相关工厂必须达到布局、设计和施工、个人卫生和环境达到最低要求,旨在生产过程中控制生产关键点,并且可以引入或提高健康风险控制。

bull;工厂对水产品安全和基于工厂的质量控制的HACCP程序负责。

bull;监管机构负责水产品和相关设施的认证工作,证明和执行基于工厂的质量控制的HACCP程序,并在水产品和渔业产品分配前完成认证工作。

bull;必要时,应在渔业收获期启动对水产品中生物毒素和其他生物和化学污染物的全国监控程序。

bull;出口方面,一个额外的控制可以由进口方包括出口国国家控制系统审计部门来执行,以确保产品符合出口的相关要求。这可能会促使贸易双方签订相互承诺的协议。

虽然有越来越多的证据表明通过实施HACCP系统有助于保证鱼产品的安全和质量,但国际上已经出现了一个认识到集成的、跨学科的、考虑到整个渔业产业链的重要性的意识。联合国粮农组织(FAO)对食品产业链的定义是对食品安全、健康和营养的责任始终贯穿于食品生产、加工、贸易和消费这整条链条之中。这条链条中的利益相关者包括农民、渔民、食品加工者、运输商、经销商、消费者以及政府。这条整体上考虑食品安全的链条不同于以往将食品安全单单集中在食品加工环节和政府控制环节上的链条。新产业链的贯彻执行需要一个可行的政策和处于国际水平的政策和监管环境,同时需要制定详细的规则和标准,在国家和地方各级机构建立合适的食品控制系统和计划,并提供适当的培训和相关的能力建设。

在渔业方面,有五个关于建立新的渔业产业链战略的广泛的定义,主要如下:

bull;从生产链的角度来看,水产品的质量和安全应该包括三个基本组成部分:风险分析、风险评估、管理和沟通,并且,在这一分析过程中,应该有一个从风险管理中单独分离出来的基于科学基础上的风险控制—即监管评价。

bull;追踪技术(可追溯性)从最初的生产者(包括在水产养殖方面动物饲料和治疗剂的使用)、采后处理、加工直到销售过程必须持续改进。

bull;水产品质量和安全标准的统一意味着这些标准将在国际范围内更广泛的被应用,因此标准的制定必须有一定的科学依据。

bull;食品安全系统中的平等—即实施相同的防止鱼源性危害和质量缺陷的保护措施,这些措施必须得到进一步发展。

bull;更加重视从源头上防范风险—从渔场或海洋直到陆地—包括发展和传播良好的水产养殖规范,良好生产规范和安全质量保证体系(如HACCP),这些都是基于对水产品日常管理必要的补充和完善。

5.渔业安全和质量的国际框架

一些地区和国家在鱼类的安全和质量领域相当活跃,以下是有关组织和他们制定的协议的一个总结,尤其是涉及到联合国粮油组织在这一领域的工作。

6.世界贸易组织(WTO)

WTO组织成立于1995年,前身为成立于二战后的关税与贸易总协定(GATT)。随着乌拉圭回合谈判的结束,WTO正式成立。乌拉圭回合是第一个致力于应对农产品贸易自由化的谈判。

lt;

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Assuring fish safety and quality in international fish trade

Abstract

International trade in fishery commodities reached US$ 58.2 billion in 2002, a 5% improvement relative to 2000 and a 45% increase over 1992 levels. Within this global trade, developing countries registered a net trade surplus of US$ 17.4 billion in 2002 and accounted for almost 50% by value and 55% of fish exports by volume.

This globalization of fish trade, coupled with technological developments in food production, handling, processing and distribution, and the increasing awareness and demand of consumers for safe and high quality food have put food safety and quality assurance high in public awareness and a priority for many governments. Consequently, many countries have tightened food safety controls, imposing additional costs and requirements on imports. As early as 1980, there was an international drive towards adopting preventative HACCP-based safety and quality systems. More recently, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of an integrated, multidisciplinary approach to food safety and quality throughout the entire food chain. Implementation of this approach requires an enabling policy and regulatory environment at national and international levels with clearly defined rules and standards, establishment of appropriate food control systems and programmes at national and local levels, and provision of appropriate training and capacity building.

This paper discusses the international framework for fish safety and quality, with particular emphasis on the United Nationrsquo;s Food and Agricultural Organizationrsquo;s (FAO) strategy to promote international harmonization and capacity building.

1. Introduction

Global fish production is very significant for global food trade and food security, providing more than 15% of total animal protein supplies. It averaged 128.7 million metric tons (MMT) during the period 1998–2003, with a record high of 133.0 MMT in 2002 (Table 1). About 38% of world fish production enters international trade and around 50% (in value terms) of this trade originates in developing countries. The USA, the European Union and Japan import some 80% (in value) of the fish traded internationally. With increasing international fish trade and further globalization, there is a greater risk of cross-border transmission of infectious agents, which can lead to increased risk to human health and significant implications for international trade. This requires a more fully harmonized global approach to assure fish safety and quality while avoiding unfair trade practices and disguised technical barriers to
trade.

3. Developments in seafood safety and quality

Worldwide, only a few countries (mainly developed countries) report on food borne diseases; even these acknowledge that there is severe unde r reporting. Available statistics indicate that seafood is implicated in 10–25% of outbreaks (Nilsson and Gram, 2001). Recent USA statistics indicate that some 25% of these outbreaks were caused by consumption of shellfish (Olsen et al., 2000). The same study showed that for fish, 86% of the outbreaks were caused by biotoxins (mostly ciguatera) and histamine, whereas viruses and bacteria caused 34% of the outbreaks associated with shellfish. It should be stressed here that these numbers describe outbreaks and not individual cases of disease. An outbreak is typically described as three or more cases connected to the same risk source. Seafood represents a smaller proportion of the total number of individual cases of food borne disease.
Likewise, consignments of fish and fishery products traded internationally can be detained, rejected or even destroyed because of non-conformance to import safety or quality requirements. Imports to the United States (2001–2002)showthatabout1/10oftherefusedfoodproductswere seafood and that the most common reason for fish import refusal is lsquo;lsquo;filthrsquo;rsquo; (some 50%), followed by the detection of Salmonella (25%)(Hussetal.,2003). In the European Union, the European Commission operates a Rapid Alert system for foodstuffs which is used to inform its member states about problems or risks concerning foods which do not meet sanitary requirements. A study (Huss et al., 2003), covering the period from January 1999 to June 2002 indicated that the number of fish alerts has increased steadily during the period January 1999–December 2001, basically exploding in 2002. Chemical and drug residues (46.4%), followed by microbial contaminants (39.7%) were the main causes for alert during the period 1999–2002. The majority of alerts because of chemical and veterinary drugs residues (74.4%) occurred recently in 2002, with chloramphenicol and nitrofurans representing, respectively, 54% and 24.5% of the chemical residues alerts and 39.6% and 18% of the total alerts. Histamine and parasites caused the lowest rates of alerts, respectively 1.3% and 4%. These rejections/detentions can lead to conflicts between trading nations, disruption of trade flows and risks of retaliatory measures to counter what many exporting countries may consider technical barriers to trade. Most importantly, they highlight the need to harmonize food standards using a risk assessment approach.
Recent and future developments in aquaculture have significant implications for the safety of fish products. Of particular interest are risks from parasites, viruses, chemical pollutants and veterinary drugs, in addition to the bacterial agents of concern to capture fisheries. Indeed, the farming of fish high up in the food chain leads to a concentration of contaminants. For example, lsquo;lsquo;fish meal and fish oil were found to be the most heavily dioxin contaminated feed materials with products from European fish stocks contaminated more heavily than those from South Pacificrsquo;rsquo; (EU, 2000).
The most commo

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