摘 要

我国是个人口大国，同时也是个农业大国。畜禽养殖厂在我国广大地区十分普遍，畜禽废水处理利用技术起步较晚，我国养猪场废水处理系统尚不完善，目前畜禽养殖厂缺乏相关的环保意识以及缺乏相关部门的监管，每年产生的大量的畜禽养殖厂出水没有被有效处理而直接排放，易引起水体污染。经过查阅大量资料发现，处理养殖废水的办法主要可被分为3大类，分别是物理处理法、化学处理法、及生化处理法。因为人工湿地具有处理效果好、成本低、管理方便且生态环保等优点，是目前研究的重点。本研究探究了复合垂直流人工湿地对畜禽废水中的N和P的降解效果，以硝化池出水为处理对象，考察不同基质与植物组合对其污染物处理效率的影响。构建了四种不同的复合垂直流人工湿地处理单元对畜禽废水处理效果进行对比研究：即沸石-IVCW、沸石 芦竹-IVCW、石英砂-IVCW、石英砂 芦竹-IVCW。探讨不同湿地处理单元的去除效果及机理，研究结果表明：

（1）四个人工湿地处理单元中，沸石基质的处理单元对COD的去除效果与石英砂基质的处理单元无明显差别。说明沸石与石英砂基质对COD的去除效率影响不大；

（2）四个人工湿地处理单元中，沸石基质的处理单元对、NO₃-N、TN的去除效果均优于石英砂基质的处理单元，说明沸石基质与石英砂基质对氮的吸附效果差别较大，沸石基质对氮的吸附效果高于石英砂基质。而植株的存在与否对氮的去除效果影响不大。

（3）1，2，3，4处理单元中的TP去除率平均值分别为86.94%、84.23%、64.35%、42.01%。比较发现沸石基质与石英砂基质对磷的吸附效果差别较大，沸石的吸附能力强，石英砂的吸附能力弱。

（4）研究了四个人工湿地处理单元中酶活的时间空间动态分布，发现同一人工湿地装置中5月的酶活均高于3月，而且同一单元中下行池的酶活高于上行池。

关键词：复合垂直流；脱氮除磷；畜禽废水；基质酶活性

Abstract

China is a big country, but also a big agricultural country. Intensive livestock farming are very common in China, China's pig farm wastewater treatment system is not perfect, the current livestock and poultry breeding plant lack of relevant environmental awareness and lack of relevant departments of supervision, Resulting in a large number of livestock and poultry breeding plant effluent has not been effectively treated and direct emissions, easy to cause water pollution. After consulting a lot of information found that the treatment of aquaculture wastewater can be divided into three categories，they are physical treatment, chemical treatment, and biochemical treatment. Because that the artificial wetlands with good processing effect, low cost, easy management and ecological advantages, the artificial wetlands is the focus of the current study. In this study, the effects of compound vertical flow constructed wetlands on the degradation of N and P in livestock and poultry wastewater were studied. The effect of different combinations of matrix and plant on the treatment efficiency was investigated. The effects of four different composite vertical flow constructed wetland treatment units on the treatment of livestock and poultry wastewater were studied: zeolite-IVCW, zeolite arundo-IVCW, quartz sand-IVCW, quartz sand arundo-IVCW. The removal effect and mechanism of different wetland treatment units were discussed. The results showed that:

(1) In the four constructed wetland treatment units, the removal effect of COD on the treatment unit of the zeolite matrix was not significantly different from that of the quartz sand matrix. Indicating that zeolite and quartz sand matrix had little effect on COD removal efficiency.

(2) The removal efficiency of 、NO₃-N and TN was better than that of quartz sand matrix in the four artificial wetland treatment units, which indicated that the adsorption effect of zeolite matrix and quartz sand substrate on nitrogen was different The adsorption effect of zeolite on nitrogen was higher than that of quartz sand. While the presence or absence of plants had little effect on the removal of nitrogen.

(3) The average removal rates of TP in the treatment units were 86.94%, 84.23%, 64.35% and 42.01%, respectively. It is found that the adsorption effect of zeolite matrix and quartz sand base on phosphorus is quite different, the adsorption capacity of zeolite is strong and the adsorption capacity of quartz sand is weak.

(4) The temporal and spatial distribution of the enzyme activity in the four constructed wetland treatment units was studied. It was found that the enzyme activity in MAY was higher than that in March, and the activity of the downstream cell in the same unit was higher than that in the upstream pool.

Keyword：IVCW; Nitrogen and phosphorus removal; Swine wastewater; Rhizosphere enzyme activity

目 录

摘 要

Abstract

第1章 绪论

1.1水资源状况

1.2 研究背景

1.3畜禽废水处理现状

1.3.1物理处理法

1.3.2化学处理法

1.3.3生化处理法

1.4人工湿地处理畜禽废水

1.4.1人工湿地净化机理

1.4.2人工湿地处理畜禽废水研究现状

1.5研究的目的与意义

1.5.1研究目的

1.5.2研究意义

第2章 材料与方法

2.1湿地设计与运行

2.2采样与常规指标测定方法

2.2.1 COD

2.2.2 NH₄-N

2.2.3 NO₃^-–N

2.2.4 TN

2.2.5 TP

2.3基质酶活测定方法

2.3.1脱氢酶

2.3.2脲酶

2.3.3磷酸酶

2.4数据分析

第3章 实验结果与讨论

3.1 复合垂直流人工湿地处理畜禽废水效果

3.1.1 COD去除率

3.1.2 NH₄-N去除率

3.1.3 NO₃^-–N去除率

3.1.4 TN去除率

3.1.5 TP去除率

3.2基质酶活时空动态分布

3.2.1 基质酶的时间动态

3.2.2 基质酶的空间分布

第4章 结论与建议

4.1 结论

4.2 建议

致谢

参考文献

第1章 绪论

1.1水资源状况

水资源是人类生存和社会发展所必须的珍贵资源，地球上水资源总量约为13.8km³，但其中海水占据了水资源的绝大部分，淡水资源只占约2.5%，而且其中有部分淡水资源是难以利用的冰川雪山等，能真正为人类及其他生物所利用的仅占0.01%^[1]。目前，人口数量急剧增长，人类对水资源的需求量也急剧增长。由于世界水资源分布不均还有水资源被大量污染，许多国家目前都面临着严峻的缺水危机。由表1.1可知，亚洲虽然水资源较多，但人口也多，人均水资源占有量是全球七大洲最低。

有效的解决这种高度缺水的现状的办法，就是更高效地利用淡水资源以及及时有效治理被污染的江河湖泊，否则，这种高度缺水的现状将会愈演愈烈。

表1.1 世界各地区水资源分布及人均占有水资源

1.2 研究背景

中国淡水资源较为丰富，2009年我国淡水资源总量约为28000亿立方米，但我国人口众多，人均淡水资源占有量较低，是水资源严重匮乏的国家。且我国水资源时空分布不均，由于我国是季风气候的国家，受季风影响，我国6-9月是汛期，降雨集中，而其他月份，降雨较少，易导致干旱问题。在空间分布上，南北方水量分布差异极其显著，南方水量较多，北方则很少。所以，我国水资源问题十分严重。

随着时代、社会发展的进程，我国水资源污染越来越严重。可利用的水资源在水资源总量中越来越少。据2012年统计，全国地表水污染较严重，其中人类不能直接接触，仅可用于工农业的严重污染水质和完全丧失水环境功能的水质分别占为20.9%和10.2%。而且湖泊富营养化问题突出，62个重点湖泊（水库）中，Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水质的湖泊占61.3%、Ⅳ～Ⅴ类水质的湖泊占27.4%和劣Ⅴ类水质的湖泊（水库）占11.3%。我国的地下水水质更为恶劣，在4929个地下水水质监测点中，水质结果评价为优良级、良好级、较好级、较差级及极差级的监测位点分别占全部监测点的11.8%、27.3%、3.6%、40.5%及16.8%^[2]。