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A review of structural responses and design of offshore tubular structures subjected to ship impacts

船舶冲击下海上管状结构的结构响应和设计综述

Zhaolong Yu, Joslash;rgen Amdahl

Abstract：Over the past decades, the offshore oil and gas industry has developed rapidly. A large number of offshore structures, notably jacket and jack-up platforms, were constructed and installed worldwide. As they are often exposed to safety threats from impacts by visiting vessels and dropped objects, there has been a continuous interest in understanding the impact mechanics of tubular structures and proposing practical design standards to protect from collisions. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art with respect to the response dynamics and mechanics of offshore tubular structures subjected to mass impacts, covering material modelling, ship impact loading, energy absorption in the ship and platform, global and local responses of tubular structures, the residual strengths of damaged tubular members and design considerations to mitigate against ship impacts. A wealth of information is available in the literature, and recent findings and classical references, which have a wide influence, are prioritized. The collected information is compared and discussed. The findings in this paper will help understand the impact response of offshore tubular structures and assessment procedures, and provide useful indications for future research.

在过去的几十年里，海上石油和天然气工业发展迅速。在全球范围内建造和安装了大量的海上结构，特别是导管架和自升式平台。由于它们经常受到来访船只和掉落物体撞击的安全威胁，因此人们一直有兴趣了解管状结构的冲击机制，并提出切实可行的设计标准，以防止碰撞。本文综述了受大规模撞击的离岸管状结构的响应动力学和力学，包括材料建模、船舶撞击装载、船舶和平台的能量吸收、管状结构的整体和局部响应、受损管状构件的残余强度以及减轻船体冲击的设计考虑。文献中提供了大量的信息，优先处理了最近的文献和经典参考文献并对收集到的信息进行了比较和讨论。本文的研究将有助于了解离岸管状结构的响应和评估程序，并为今后的研究提供有益的说明。

Keywords: Ship collisions Offshore tubular structures Impact mechanics Local and global responses Residual strength Design considerations

关键词：船舶碰撞 海上管状结构 冲击力学
局部和整体响应 残余强度 设计注意事项

Ships and offshore structures operating at sea are exposed to risks of ship collisions and impacts from dropped objects. Potential consequences may vary from minor local structural deformation to major threats to structural integrity, causing great economic loss, severe environmental pollution and fatalities. In extreme conditions, accidental loads may cause the global collapse of entire structures and put human lives in jeopardy. The huge losses from several catastrophic marine collision accidents such as the sinking of the Titanic after hitting an iceberg and explosion of the Mumbai High North platform after suffering a collision from a supply vessel, have aroused continuous public concern regarding the operational safety of ships and offshore structures. Tremendous efforts have been made mainly in two directions:

在海上作业的船舶和海上结构面临船舶碰撞和掉落物体撞击的风险。潜在的后果可能有所不同，从轻微的局部结构变形到结构完整性的重大威胁，造成重大经济损失、严重环境污染和死亡。在极端条件下，意外负载可能会导致整个结构整体崩溃，并危及人类的生命。几次灾难性的海上碰撞事故所造成的巨大损失，例如撞上冰山后的泰坦尼克号沉没，孟买高北平台撞上补给船爆炸，引起了公众对的船舶和海上作业安全结构的持续关注。我们主要在两个方面作出了巨大努力：

1) to reduce the probability of occurrence of ship collisions with the application of advanced navigational tools and administration procedures.

2) to obtain crashworthy design of structures based on a thorough understanding of fundamental collision mechanics.

1)采用先进的航海工具和管理程序，降低船舶碰撞发生的概率。

2)在充分了解基本碰撞力学的基础上，获得具有防撞设计的结构。

Based on research outcomes, rules and standards relevant for the design of crashworthy structures have been introduced, e.g.,

DNV-RP-C204 (2010), ISO 19902 (ISO, 2007), API-RP2A-WSD (2014), ABS (2013) and HSE (2004). The standards have been continuously updated to include novel knowledge and address new challenges. A few review articles are available in the literature, and they mainly focus on general procedures of risk analysis and structural assessments in ship collisions and groundings (Ellinas and Valsgard, 1985; Moan and Amdahl, 1989; Pedersen, 2010; Wang et al., 2002). However, no specific review exists that addresses the complicated collision mechanics of tubular structures. The authors consider it highly important that researchers understand the theories and principles developed over the long time span, so that they can provide a solid foundation for future research works. It is therefore the purpose of this paper to bridge the gap in knowledge by presenting a comprehensive review of structural response assessments and design considerations specifically for offshore tubular structures in the accidental limit states (ALS), covering both classical references and more recent progress as well. The review focuses especially on the NORSOK N-004 code and the DNV-GL recommended practices for design against accidental loads because they contain the most detailed provisions.

根据研究结果，引入了与防撞结构设计相关的规则和标准，例如：DNV-RP-C204 （2010）， ISO 19902 （ISO， 2007）， API-RP2A-WSD （2014）， ABS （2013） 和 HSE （2004）.这些标准不断更新以包括新知识并应对新的挑战。文献中提供了一些评论文章，主要侧重于船舶碰撞和搁浅风险分析和结构评估的一般程序（Ellinas和Valsgard，1985； Moan和Amdahl，1989； Pedersen，2010； Wang等，2002）。但是没有专门的文献来探讨管状结构的复杂碰撞机理。作者们认为，研究者了解长期形成的理论和原理非常重要，这样才能为今后的研究工作提供坚实的基础。因此，本文的目的是通过全面审查结构响应评估和设计注意事项，专门针对意外极限状态 （ALS） 中的海上管状结构，以弥合知识差距，包括经典参考文献和最新进展。以及审查重点特别针对包含最详细的规定 的NORSOK N-004 代码和 DNV-GL 建议针对意外负载设计的做法。

Design against extreme ship collision should be carried out

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