1. 研究目的与意义（文献综述）

american poet, gary snyder, (born in 1930) is a representative poet of the modern ecological literature in the world. he is also a representative of “the beat generation” with high achievement in poetry. snyder has published more than twenty books of poetry and prose, which have been translated into more than twenty languages. as one the most significant contemporary american poets, snyder is the recipient of many prestigious awards and honors, including the pulitzer prize for turtle island in 1975. mountains and ravers without end, published in 1996, is greatly anticipated and highly praised by readers and scholars. in addition, he also received many other honors including an american academy of arts and letters award, a guggenheim foundation fellowship, the bess hokin prize and the levinson prize from poetry and the shelley memorial. it is obvious that snyder's poems with zen claim the importance of ecology and the integration of culture. his poems have exerted profound influence on the world ecological literature, which had absorbed the spirit of zen from asia countries. in other words, when talked about the development of the world modern ecological literature, no one can escape mentioning snyder.

in nearly 50 years, many scholars did various studies on gray snyder and his poems from different angles, such as his translations of mountain han' poems, his famous work "turtle island", his working and living experience around the pacific and so on. almost all of representatives of ecological criticisms had spent time and energy studying him, which makes snyder a hot spot in the field of literature. most of them confirm snyder’s performance in poem creation and promoting the ecological literature. besides, due to the study of zen and eastern culture, snyder has translated chinese famous buddhist poetry mountain han’s poems and finished it excellently. it made zen spread wider than before and promoted the integration of eastern and western culture. nevertheless, some scholars think snyder and his readers are a group pf people on the edge of society living in prayer. nowadays, because people have to face the environmental problem, snyder and his zen thought have become more popular and more acceptable.

turtle island that received the pulitzer prize is one of snyder’s famous works published in 1974. in this poem, snyder holds the viewpoint that zen and the consciousness of ecology should be combined to survive on the turtle island. the turtle island means north america instead of the situation of the industrial era. as a buddhism and environmental protector, snyder exerted every effect to find a solution to environmental problem by the integration of eastern ancient zen and western modern deep ecology. there is no deny that zen has strongly influenced snyder.

2. 研究的基本内容与方案

this paper will make a case study of the influence of zen on both of gary snyder and his poems. in this paper, it will discuss the influence of zen on him at different phases of his life.

to begin with, it is necessary to finish reading riprap and cold mountain poems, mountains and rivers without end and turtle island written by snyder, which could help me to touch and realize the original thought of snyder. and in this way some typical examples supporting my opinion could be accumulated.

in addition, some references of zen must be collected. zen is part of chinese culture, for chinese is it easy to understand the theory of zen. and besides references, there are other ways to collect the acknowledge of zen, which is visiting some traditional temples including buddhism and taoism and communicating with the old who have faith in taoism. on the other hand, reading the references of zen may help me to find the relationship between zen and snyder easily.

3. 研究计划与安排

before 20th january : settlement of the title

before20th march: submission of the outline

before 25th april : submission of the first draft

4. 参考文献（12篇以上）

[1]陈小红.论加里·斯奈德的禅宗生态观.英美文学研究论丛.2009(1)

[2]gary snyder.turtle island. new direction publishing corporation.1974

[3]耿纪永.论斯奈德的生态区域主义与佛禅.同济大学学报.2012(4)